Wednesday, August 26, 2026

United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (UNCERD/CERD)

 United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (UNCERD/CERD)

The United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (UNCERD/CERD) is a body of independent experts that monitors the implementation of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD).

Over the past 25 years (2001–2026), CERD has issued periodic Concluding Observations, Early Warning & Urgent Action Decisions, and General Recommendations addressing discrimination against ethnic, religious, descent-based, and racial minorities globally.

1. On Caste & Descent-Based Discrimination (Dalits / Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribes)

  • General Recommendation No. 29 (2002): CERD established a landmark interpretation affirming that discrimination based on "descent" under Article 1 of the Convention includes discrimination based on forms of social stratification such as caste and analogous systems of inherited status.

  • India Reviews (2007, 2026):

    • The "Descent" Disagreement: India has consistently maintained that "caste" is distinct from "race" and falls under domestic affirmative constitutional protections rather than the ICERD. CERD reiterated that caste-based discrimination falls under the treaty's mandate.

    • Specific Concerns Raised: Persistence of de facto discrimination, low conviction rates under the SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, human rights abuses against Dalit women, manual scavenging, and the impact of large-scale infrastructure projects on indigenous/tribal land rights without free, prior, and informed consent.

  • Nepal & South Asia (2004, 2018): Flagged systemic discrimination and social exclusion of Dalits regarding access to public resources, water sources, and religious sites.

2. On Muslim Minorities & Ethno-Religious Communities

  • China (Xinjiang / Uyghur Muslims - 2018, 2022):

    • In 2018, CERD became the first UN body to formally sound the alarm on the mass arbitrary detention of ethnic Uyghurs, Kazakhs, and other predominantly Muslim minorities in Xinjiang.

    • In November 2022, under its Early Warning and Urgent Action procedure, CERD adopted a formal decision calling on China to immediately investigate allegations of torture, forced labor, sexual violence, and mass internment, and referred the situation to the UN Special Adviser on the Responsibility to Protect.

  • Myanmar (Rohingya Muslims - 2017, 2019, 2024):

    • Issued multiple urgent statements condemning ethnic violence, military clearance operations, denial of citizenship under the 1982 Citizenship Law, and systematic disenfranchisement in Rakhine State.

  • Western Nations & Islamophobia (Post-9/11):

    • France & European States (2010, 2015, 2020): Expressed concern over anti-terrorism legislation disproportionately impacting Muslim communities, restrictions on religious clothing/symbols (burqa/hijab bans), and rising Islamophobic rhetoric in public discourse.

    • United Kingdom (2016, 2024): Highlighted the spike in anti-Muslim hate speech and racial profiling in stop-and-search operations.

3. On Religious Minorities in the Neighborhood (Hindus, Christians, Ahmadis, Sikhs)

  • Pakistan (2009, 2016, 2024):

    • Religious Minorities (Hindus & Christians): Flagged reports of forced conversions and forced marriages of minor Hindu and Christian girls, desecration of temples/churches, and structural marginalization.

    • Blasphemy Laws: Criticized the misuse of blasphemy legislation (Sections 295-C of the Pakistan Penal Code) to target minority groups and Ahmadis.

    • Ahmadiyya Community: Repeatedly called for repealing laws that criminalize Ahmadis identifying as Muslims and deny them equal voting/civil rights.

  • Bangladesh (2001, 2019):

    • Urged accountability for communal attacks against the Hindu minority, land grabbing affecting indigenous groups in the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT), and non-implementation of the 1997 CHT Peace Accord.

4. On People of African Descent & Systemic Racism (Black Communities)

  • General Recommendation No. 34 (2011): Focused specifically on racial discrimination against People of African Descent, calling for state action on structural racism, disparities in criminal justice, and historical reparations.

  • United States (2008, 2014, 2022):

    • Police Brutality & Criminal Justice: Raised grave concerns over the disproportionate use of lethal force by law enforcement against Black Americans, racial bias in mandatory minimum sentencing, and mass incarceration.

    • Voting Rights & Economic Inequity: Flagged voter identification laws impacting minority turnouts, redlining/housing segregation, and disparities in maternal mortality and healthcare.

  • Brazil & Latin America (2004, 2016, 2022):

    • High rates of police killings affecting young Afro-Brazilians (favela operations), lack of demarcation of traditional land (quilombos), and severe socio-economic stratification.

5. Comparative Matrix: Recurring CERD Themes Across Nations

Focus Group / ThemeTarget Nations ExaminedPrimary Structural Issues Flagged by CERD
Descent / CasteIndia, Nepal, Yemen (Al-Akhdam)Social stratification, hate crimes, access to justice, manual labor segregation.
Muslims / Ethno-ReligiousChina, Myanmar, India, EUMass internment (Xinjiang), citizenship deprivation (Rohingya), racial profiling, anti-conversion/hate speech.
Hindus & MinoritiesPakistan, BangladeshForced conversions of minors, blasphemy law abuse, targeted attacks during communal tensions.
Black / African DescentUSA, Brazil, UK, ColombiaSystemic bias in policing, disparate incarceration rates, socio-economic disenfranchisement.
Indigenous PeoplesCanada, Australia, Latin AmericaFree Prior & Informed Consent (FPIC), resource extraction on native lands, high indigenous incarceration.

Decoding the ‘Youth Vote’: Turnout Heterogeneity, Party Preferences & Electoral Volatility in India

 Decoding the ‘Youth Vote’: Turnout Heterogeneity, Party Preferences & Electoral Volatility in India

ЁЯЧ│️ GS Paper II: Electoral Politics, Youth Demographics & Voting Behavior

Syllabus Mapping:

  • GS Paper II: Elections and the electoral process; Salient features of the Representation of the People Act; Role of civil society and youth mobilization; Dynamics of Indian political party systems.

  • GS Paper I: Social empowerment; Population and developmental issues; Demographic dividend and its political manifestations.

1. Key Analytical Takeaways (Core Concepts for Mains)

  • Myth of the Monolithic 'Youth Vote':

    • The Indian youth electorate cannot be categorized as a single, uniform voting bloc. Electoral preferences diverge sharply across states, socio-economic contexts, and distinct age brackets within the youth cohort itself (18–21 years vs. 22–25 years vs. 26–28 years).

  • State-Wise Asymmetry in Turnout:

    • Low Youth Participation (Electoral Apathy/Disengagement): Bihar (41% among 18–21 vs. 67.3% state average) and Uttar Pradesh (51% vs. 61.1% state average).

    • Hyper-Engaged Youth Turnout: West Bengal (93% among 18–21; 95% among 22–25), Tamil Nadu (90%), Madhya Pradesh (89%), Gujarat (78%), and Punjab (77%).

  • Electoral Volatility & Shift Towards Emerging Formations:

    • Young voters frequently act as disruptive catalysts for political change, showing a stronger propensity to back new political alternatives (e.g., AAP in Punjab 2022 & Delhi 2015/2020; TVK in Tamil Nadu 2026).

    • Youth voting preferences are highly fluid between election cycles (e.g., West Bengal shifting from AITC+ toward BJP among 18–21s between 2021 and 2026).

  • Disconnect Between Youth Preference and Winning Outcome:

    • Siding with a party does not guarantee its victory. In Uttarakhand (2022) and Bihar (2020), the youth cohort leaned toward the opposition (Congress and Mahagathbandhan, respectively), yet the ruling alliances retained or won the elections through broad-based multi-demographic consolidation.

2. Comparative Matrix: Youth Political Dynamics Across States

State & TimelineAge CohortMajor Trend / Party PreferenceStrategic Inference for Electoral Studies
West Bengal (2021 vs. 2026)18–21 & 22–25Sharp swing toward BJP (51% in 18–21) over AITC+ (33%) in 2026.Highlights rapid electoral churn and diminishing generational incumbency.
Punjab (2017 vs. 2022)18–21 & 22–25AAP surged from 34% to 47% (18–21) and 27% to 52% (22–25).Youth acting as the primary force for regime change against traditional bi-party dominance.
Tamil Nadu (2026)18–21 vs. >29Inverse age-gradient: TVK gained 69% (18–21) vs. only 26% among voters aged 29+.Demonstrates generational polarization and attraction toward new political narratives.
Uttarakhand (2022)18–21 & 22–25Congress led among 18–21s (48% vs. BJP 33%), but BJP won the state.Illustrates that youth tilt alone cannot overcome broader demographic/caste arithmetic.
Uttar Pradesh (2022)18–25Competitive split: BJP+ (44%) vs. SP+ (~38–39%).Bipolar consolidation among youth mirrors state-level social coalitions.

3. Systemic Implications for Indian Democracy

The Youth Demographic Paradox
┌───────────────────┼───────────────┐
▼ ▼ ▼
Spatial Heterogeneity Age-Gradient Split Political Disruption
• High turnout in East/South • 18-21 cohort differs from • Receptive to novel parties
• Sluggish in Gangetic belt 22-25 on key issues (AAP, TVK) over legacy setups
• Driven by state welfare • Career/jobs vs. identity • Volatile swings between
and mobilization priorities consecutive election cycles
  • Demographic Dividend to Democratic Dividend: Converting India's median youth age (~28 years) into effective democratic engagement requires targeted voter education (SVEEP) and systemic addressal of urban/rural youth unemployment anxieties.

  • Non-Ideological Fluidity: Unlike older cohorts whose voting habits often calcify around caste alliances and traditional party loyalties, Gen Z exhibits issue-based volatility, moving across ideological spectrums based on aspirational narratives and economic mobility.

4. Previous Years Questions (PYQs)

UPSC CSE Prelims

Q1. (CSE Prelims 2017)

Right to vote and to be elected in India is a:

(a) Fundamental Right

(b) Natural Right

(c) Constitutional Right

(d) Legal Right

Correct Answer: (c) Constitutional Right

(Explanation: Article 326 of the Constitution of India guarantees adult suffrage, making the right to vote a constitutional right).

Q2. (CSE Prelims 2018)

Consider the following statements:

  1. In the first Lok Sabha, the single largest party in the opposition was the Swatantra Party.

  2. In the Lok Sabha, a "Leader of the Opposition" was recognised for the first time in 1969.

  3. In the Lok Sabha, if a party does not have a minimum of 75 members, its leader cannot be recognized as the Leader of the Opposition.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 and 3 only

(b) 2 only

(c) 2 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Correct Answer: (b) 2 only

(Explanation: CPI was the largest opposition party in the first Lok Sabha. The required strength for Leader of Opposition is 10% of total strength, i.e., 55 members in Lok Sabha, not 75).

UPSC CSE Mains

  • CSE Mains 2021 (GS Paper II):

    "‘To enhance the quality of democracy in India, the Election Commission of India has proposed electoral reforms.’ What are the major challenges in mobilizing first-time and youth voters, and how can voter apathy be addressed?" (15 Marks, 250 Words)

  • CSE Mains 2020 (GS Paper II):

    "‘Indian party system is passing through a phase of transition which looks to be full of contradictions and paradoxes.’ Discuss in the light of regionalization of politics and emerging youth voter behavior." (15 Marks, 250 Words)

  • CSE Mains 2016 (GS Paper II):

    "Exercise of voting rights by a large young demographic requires awareness and institutional facilitation. Evaluate the role of the Systematic Voters’ Education and Electoral Participation (SVEEP) programme." (10 Marks, 150 Words)

5. Practice Mains Question for Self-Evaluation

Question: "The assumption of a monolithic 'youth vote' overlooks the complex spatial, developmental, and generational variations within India's young electorate. In light of recent voting patterns, evaluate how the youth demographic is reshaping electoral competition and analyze the factors driving political volatility among first-time voters. (15 Marks, 250 Words)"

рдеिрдПрдЯрд░ рдХрдоाрди (Theatre Commands), рд╡ाрдпु рд╢рдХ्рддि рдХी рд╕ीрдоाрдПं рдПрд╡ं рдПрдХीрдХृрдд рд╕ंрдпुрдХ्рдд рдпुрдж्рдз рдк्рд░рдгाрд▓ी (Joint Warfare)

 рдеिрдПрдЯрд░ рдХрдоाрди (Theatre Commands), рд╡ाрдпु рд╢рдХ्рддि рдХी рд╕ीрдоाрдПं рдПрд╡ं рдПрдХीрдХृрдд рд╕ंрдпुрдХ्рдд рдпुрдж्рдз рдк्рд░рдгाрд▓ी (Joint Warfare)

рдкाрда्рдпрдХ्рд░рдо рдоैрдкिंрдЧ (Syllabus Mapping):

  • рд╕ाрдоाрди्рдп рдЕрдз्рдпрдпрди рдк्рд░рд╢्рдирдкрдд्рд░ III: рд╕ीрдоाрд╡рд░्рддी рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░ों рдоें рд╕ुрд░рдХ्рд╖ा рдЪुрдиौрддिрдпां рдПрд╡ं рдЙрдирдХा рдк्рд░рдмंрдзрди; рд╡िрднिрди्рди рд╕ुрд░рдХ्рд╖ा рдмрд▓ рдПрд╡ं рдПрдЬेंрд╕िрдпां рддрдеा рдЙрдирдХे рдЕрдзिрджेрд╢; рд░рдХ्рд╖ा рдЖрдзुрдиिрдХीрдХрд░рдг, рдЙрдЪ्рдЪ рд░рдХ्рд╖ा рдк्рд░рдмंрдзрди рд╕ुрдзाрд░ рдФрд░ рд╕्рд╡рджेрд╢ी рддрдХрдиीрдХ рдХा рдПрдХीрдХрд░рдг।

  • рд╕ाрдоाрди्рдп рдЕрдз्рдпрдпрди рдк्рд░рд╢्рдирдкрдд्рд░ II: рдХाрд░्рдпрдкाрд▓िрдХा рдФрд░ рд╕рд░рдХाрд░ рдХे рдоंрдд्рд░ाрд▓рдпों/рд╡िрднाрдЧों рдХी рд╕ंрд░рдЪрдиा, рд╕ंрдЧрдарди рдФрд░ рдХाрд░्рдпрдк्рд░рдгाрд▓ी।

1. рдоुрдЦ्рдп рд░рдгрдиीрддिрдХ рдЕрд╡рдзाрд░рдгाрдПं рдПрд╡ं рдЙрднрд░рддे рдпुрдж्рдз рд╕िрдж्рдзांрдд

  • рдеिрдПрдЯрд░ рдХрдоाрди (рдПрдХीрдХृрдд рдеिрдПрдЯрд░ рдХрдоाрди - ITC):

    • рдПрдХ рдПрдХीрдХृрдд рд╕ंрдЧрдардиाрдд्рдордХ рдвांрдЪा, рдЬिрд╕рдоें рдХिрд╕ी рд╡िрд╢िрд╖्рдЯ рднौрдЧोрд▓िрдХ рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░ (рдеिрдПрдЯрд░) рдоें рддैрдиाрдд рддीрдиों рд╕ेрдиाрдУं (рдерд▓ рд╕ेрдиा, рд╡ाрдпु рд╕ेрдиा, рдиौрд╕ेрдиा) рдХे рд╕ंрд╕ाрдзрдиों рдХो рдПрдХ рд╣ी рдеिрдПрдЯрд░ рдХрдоांрдбрд░ рдХे рдЕрдзीрди рд░рдЦा рдЬाрддा рд╣ै।

    • рдЙрдж्рджेрд╢्рдп: рдЧрд╣рди рд╕ंрдШрд░्рд╖ рдХे рд╕рдордп рддीрдиों рд╕ेрдиाрдУं рдХे рдмीрдЪ рдкूрд░्рдг рддाрд▓рдоेрд▓, рд╕ंрд╕ाрдзрдиों рдХा рдПрдХीрдХृрдд рдЖрд╡ंрдЯрди, рдкрд░िрдЪाрд▓рди рдЧрддिрд╢ीрд▓рддा рдФрд░ рдЕंрддрд░-рд╕ेрд╡ा рд╕рдорди्рд╡рдп рдоें рд╣ोрдиे рд╡ाрд▓ी рджेрд░ी рдХो рд╕рдоाрдк्рдд рдХрд░рдиा।

  • рдЖрдзुрдиिрдХ рд╡ाрдпु рд╢рдХ्рддि рдХी рдЕрд╕рдордоिрдд рд╕ीрдоाрдПं (Asymmetric Limitations):

    1. рдПंрдЯी-рдПрдХ्рд╕ेрд╕/рдПрд░िрдпा-рдбिрдиाрдпрд▓ (A2/AD) рдПрд╡ं рдПрдпрд░ рдбिрдлेंрд╕ рдиेрдЯрд╡рд░्рдХ: рдмрд╣ुрд╕्рддрд░ीрдп рд╕рддрд╣ рд╕े рд╣рд╡ा рдоें рдоाрд░ рдХрд░рдиे рд╡ाрд▓ी рдоिрд╕ाрдЗрд▓ (SAM) рдк्рд░рдгाрд▓िрдпों (рдЬैрд╕े S-400, рдкैрдЯ्рд░िрдпрдЯ) рдХे рдк्рд░рд╕ाрд░ рдиे рдХрдо рдФрд░ рдордз्рдпрдо рдКंрдЪाрдИ рд╡ाрд▓े рд╣рд╡ाрдИ рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░ рдХो рдЕрдд्рдпрдзिрдХ рдЪुрдиौрддीрдкूрд░्рдг рдмрдиा рджिрдпा рд╣ै, рдЬिрд╕рд╕े рдкाрд░ंрдкрд░िрдХ рд╕्рдЯ्рд░ाрдЗрдХ рд╡िрдоाрдиों рдХी рдХ्рд╖рдорддा рд╕ीрдоिрдд рд╣ो рдЧрдИ рд╣ै।

    2. рд▓ाрдЧрдд-рдЕрд╕рдордоिрддि (Cost-Imposition Asymmetry): рд╕рд╕्рддे рдоाрдирд╡ рд░рд╣िрдд рдб्рд░ोрди ($20,000–$50,000) рдХो рдоाрд░ рдЧिрд░ाрдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП рдЕрдд्рдпрдзिрдХ рдорд╣ंрдЧे (рд▓ाрдЦों рдбॉрд▓рд░ рдоूрд▓्рдп рдХे) рдЗंрдЯрд░рд╕ेрдк्рдЯрд░ рдоिрд╕ाрдЗрд▓ों рдХा рдЙрдкрдпोрдЧ рд░рдХ्рд╖ाрдд्рдордХ рдЕрд░्рдерд╢ाрд╕्рдд्рд░ рдХो рдЕрд╕ंрддुрд▓िрдд рдХрд░рддा рд╣ै।

    3. рдЕрдиिрд░्рдгाрдпрдХ рдЧрддिрдЬ рд╢्рд░ेрд╖्рдарддा: рд╣рд╡ाрдИ рдк्рд░рднुрдд्рд╡ рдХेрд╡рд▓ рджिрдЦाрдИ рджेрдиे рд╡ाрд▓े рдмुрдиिрдпाрджी рдвांрдЪे рдХो рдирд╖्рдЯ рдХрд░ рд╕рдХрддा рд╣ै, рд▓ेрдХिрди рдпрд╣ рдЬрдоीрдиी рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░ рдкрд░ рдиिрдпंрдд्рд░рдг рд╕्рдеाрдкिрдд рдХрд░рдиे рдпा рдЧрд╣рд░े рдмंрдХрд░ों рдоें рдЫिрдкे рд▓рдХ्рд╖्рдпों рдХो рд╕рдоाрдк्рдд рдХрд░рдиे рдХा рдкूрд░्рдг рд╡िрдХрд▓्рдк рдирд╣ीं рд╣ो рд╕рдХрддा।

  • рдкрд░िрдЪाрд▓рди рд▓рдЪीрд▓ाрдкрди (Flexibility) рдмрдиाрдо рд╕ंрд╕्рдеाрдЧрдд рд╕ंрдпुрдХ्рддрддा (Jointness):

    • рд╡ाрдпु рд╕ेрдиा (IAF) рдХा рджृрд╖्рдЯिрдХोрдг: рд╡ाрдпु рд╕ंрдкрдд्рддिрдпां рд╕ीрдоिрдд рдФрд░ рдЕрдд्рдпрдзिрдХ рдЧрддिрд╢ीрд▓ рд╣ैं। рдЙрди्рд╣ें рд╡िрд╢िрд╖्рдЯ рдеिрдПрдЯрд░ рдХрдоाрдиों рдоें рд╕्рдеाрдпी рд░ूрдк рд╕े рд╡िрднाрдЬिрдд рдХрд░рдиे рд╕े рдЙрдирдХी рдоाрд░рдХ рдХ्рд╖рдорддा рдЦंрдбिрдд рд╣ो рд╕рдХрддी рд╣ै। рдХेंрдж्рд░ीрдпрдХृрдд рдХрдоाрди рдФрд░ рд╡िрдХेंрдж्рд░ीрдХृрдд рдиिрд╖्рдкाрджрди рд╕े рдкूрд░्рд╡ी рдФрд░ рдкрд╢्рдЪिрдоी рдоोрд░्рдЪों рдХे рдмीрдЪ рд╡िрдоाрдиों рдХो рддेрдЬी рд╕े рд╕्рдеाрдиांрддрд░िрдд рдХिрдпा рдЬा рд╕рдХрддा рд╣ै।

    • рдеिрдПрдЯрд░-рдЖрдзाрд░िрдд рд╕ंрдпुрдХ्рддрддा рдХा рддрд░्рдХ: рдХेंрдж्рд░ीрдпрдХृрдд рдкрд░ाрдорд░्рд╢ рдоॉрдбрд▓ рд╕ंрдХрдЯ рдХे рд╕рдордп рдиिрд░्рдгрдп рд▓ेрдиे рдоें рджेрд░ी рдХрд░ рд╕рдХрддा рд╣ै। рдеिрдПрдЯрд░ рдХрдоाрди рдПрдХीрдХृрдд рдмैрдЯрд▓ рдЧ्рд░ुрдк्рд╕ (IBGs) рдХो рдЕрдЧ्рд░िрдо рдкंрдХ्рддि рдоें рдд्рд╡рд░िрдд рдФрд░ рд╕ुрдиिрд╢्рдЪिрдд рд╡ाрдпु рд╕рд╣ाрдпрддा рдк्рд░рджाрди рдХрд░рдиे рдоें рд╕рдХ्рд╖рдо рдмрдиाрддी рд╣ै।

2. рд░рдХ्рд╖ा рд╕ुрдзाрд░ рдПрд╡ं рд╕ंрдпुрдХ्рддрддा рдкрд░ рдк्рд░рдоुрдЦ рд╕рдоिрддिрдпां: рддुрд▓рдиाрдд्рдордХ рддाрд▓िрдХा

рд╕рдоिрддि / рдоीрд▓ рдХा рдкрдд्рдерд░рд╡рд░्рд╖рдоुрдЦ्рдп рдЕрдзिрджेрд╢ рдПрд╡ं рдк्рд░рдоुрдЦ рд╕िрдлाрд░िрд╢ें
рдХाрд░рдЧिрд▓ рд╕рдоीрдХ्рд╖ा рд╕рдоिрддि (рдХे. рд╕ुрдм्рд░рд╣्рдордг्рдпрдо)1999рдСрдкрд░ेрд╢рди рд╡िрдЬрдп рдХे рджौрд░ाрди рд╕ाрдордиे рдЖрдИ рд╕рдорди्рд╡рдп рдХी рдХрдоिрдпों рдХे рдмाрдж рдЪीрдл рдСрдл рдбिрдлेंрд╕ рд╕्рдЯाрдл (CDS), рдПрдХीрдХृрдд рдЦुрдлिрдпा рддंрдд्рд░ рдФрд░ рддीрдиों рд╕ेрдиाрдУं рдХे рдмीрдЪ рддाрд▓рдоेрд▓ рдХी рд╕िрдлाрд░िрд╢ рдХी।
рдирд░ेрд╢ рдЪंрдж्рд░ рдЯाрд╕्рдХ рдлोрд░्рд╕2012рд╕ंрдпुрдХ्рдд рдПрдХीрдХрд░рдг рдХी рджिрд╢ा рдоें рдЕंрддрд░िрдо рдХрджрдо рдХे рд░ूрдк рдоें рдЪीрдл्рд╕ рдСрдл рд╕्рдЯाрдл рдХрдоेрдЯी (CoSC) рдХे рд╕्рдеाрдпी рдЕрдз्рдпрдХ्рд╖ рдХी рдиिрдпुрдХ्рддि рдХा рдк्рд░рд╕्рддाрд╡ рд░рдЦा।
рд▓ेрдл्рдЯिрдиेंрдЯ рдЬрдирд░рд▓ рдбी.рдмी. рд╢ेрдХाрддрдХрд░ рд╕рдоिрддि20164-рд╕्рдЯाрд░ рдЪीрдл рдСрдл рдбिрдлेंрд╕ рд╕्рдЯाрдл (CDS) рдХी рдиिрдпुрдХ्рддि, 3 рдПрдХीрдХृрдд рдеिрдПрдЯрд░ рдХрдоाрдиों рдХा рдЧрдарди рдФрд░ рдпुрдж्рдзрдХ рдЯूрде-рдЯू-рдЯेрд▓ рдЕрдиुрдкाрдд рдоें рд╕ुрдзाрд░ рдХी рд╕िрдлाрд░िрд╢ рдХी।
рд╕ैрди्рдп рдоाрдорд▓ों рдХा рд╡िрднाрдЧ (DMA) рдПрд╡ं CDS рдХा рд╕ृрдЬрди2019–2020рд░рдХ्рд╖ा рдоंрдд्рд░ाрд▓рдп рдХे рддрд╣рдд CDS рдХी рдЕрдз्рдпрдХ्рд╖рддा рдоें рд╕ैрди्рдп рдоाрдорд▓ों рдХे рд╡िрднाрдЧ (DMA) рдХी рд╕्рдеाрдкрдиा, рдЬिрд╕рдХा рдоुрдЦ्рдп рдХाрд░्рдп рд╕ंрдпुрдХ्рддрддा рдФрд░ рдеिрдПрдЯрд░ рдХрдоाрдиों рдХा рдЧрдарди рдХрд░рдиा рд╣ै।
рдЕंрддрд░-рд╕ेрд╡ा рд╕ंрдЧрдарди (рдХрдоाрди, рдиिрдпंрдд्рд░рдг рдФрд░ рдЕрдиुрд╢ाрд╕рди) рдЕрдзिрдиिрдпрдо2023рдЕंрддрд░-рд╕ेрд╡ा рд╕ंрдЧрдардиों рдХे рдХрдоांрдбрд░-рдЗрди-рдЪीрдл рдХो рддीрдиों рд╕ेрдиाрдУं рдХे рдХрд░्рдоिрдпों рдкрд░ рдк्рд░рдд्рдпрдХ्рд╖ рдк्рд░рд╢ाрд╕рдиिрдХ рдФрд░ рдЕрдиुрд╢ाрд╕рдиाрдд्рдордХ рдЕрдзिрдХाрд░ рдк्рд░рджाрди рдХिрдП рдЧрдП।

3. рд░рдгрдиीрддिрдХ рддुрд▓рдиा: рдкрд╢्рдЪिрдоी рдоोрд░्рдЪा рдмрдиाрдо рдЙрдд्рддрд░ी рдоोрд░्рдЪा

рднाрд░рдд рдХा рджो-рдоोрд░्рдЪा рд╕ाрдорд░िрдХ рдкрд░िрджृрд╢्рдп
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рдкрд╢्рдЪिрдоी рдоोрд░्рдЪा (рдкाрдХिрд╕्рддाрди) рдЙрдд्рддрд░ी рдоोрд░्рдЪा (рдЪीрди)
• рд░рдгрдиीрддिрдХ рдЧрд╣рд░ाрдИ рд╕ीрдоिрдд рд╣ै • рдЕрдд्рдпрдзिрдХ рднौрдЧोрд▓िрдХ рдЧрд╣рд░ाрдИ (рддिрдм्рдмрдд/рд╢िрдирдЬिрдпांрдЧ)
• рднाрд░рддीрдп рд╡ाрдпु рд╕ेрдиा рдХा рд╕ाрдмिрдд рд╣ुрдЖ рд╣рд╡ाрдИ рдк्рд░рднुрдд्рд╡ • рдЕрдд्рдпрдзिрдХ рдКंрдЪाрдИ рд╡ाрд▓े рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░ (рдХрдо рд╡ाрдпु рдШрдирдд्рд╡)
• рддीрд╡्рд░ рдФрд░ рдЫोрдЯा рдкрд░िрдЪाрд▓рди рдЪрдХ्рд░ • рд▓ंрдмी рджूрд░ी рдХी рдоिрд╕ाрдЗрд▓ें рдФрд░ рдЕрд╕рдордоिрдд рд▓рдб़ाрдХू рд╡िрдоाрди
• рдкाрд░ंрдкрд░िрдХ рдиिрд╡ाрд░рдХ рдХ्рд╖рдорддा рдк्рд░рднाрд╡ी • рд╕рдШрди A2/AD рдФрд░ рдмрдб़े рдкैрдоाрдиे рдкрд░ рдб्рд░ोрди рдк्рд░рдгाрд▓िрдпां

4. рд╡िрдЧрдд рд╡рд░्рд╖ों рдХे рдк्рд░рд╢्рди (PYQs)

рдк्рд░ाрд░ंрднिрдХ рдкрд░ीрдХ्рд╖ा (Prelims)

рдк्рд░.1. (CSE Prelims 2024)

рдЪीрдл рдСрдл рдбिрдлेंрд╕ рд╕्рдЯाрдл (CDS) рдХे рд╕ंрджрд░्рдн рдоें рдиिрдо्рдирд▓िрдЦिрдд рдХрдердиों рдкрд░ рд╡िрдЪाрд░ рдХीрдЬिрдП:

  1. CDS рдЪीрдл्рд╕ рдСрдл рд╕्рдЯाрдл рдХрдоेрдЯी (CoSC) рдХे рд╕्рдеाрдпी рдЕрдз्рдпрдХ्рд╖ рдХे рд░ूрдк рдоें рдХाрд░्рдп рдХрд░рддा рд╣ै।

  2. CDS рд░рдХ्рд╖ा рдоंрдд्рд░ाрд▓рдп рдХे рднीрддрд░ рд╕ैрди्рдп рдоाрдорд▓ों рдХे рд╡िрднाрдЧ (DMA) рдХा рдк्рд░рдоुрдЦ рд╣ोрддा рд╣ै।

  3. CDS рддीрдиों рд╕ेрдиाрдУं рдкрд░ рдк्рд░рдд्рдпрдХ्рд╖ рдкрд░िрдЪाрд▓рди рд╕ैрди्рдп рдХрдоाрди рдХा рдк्рд░рдпोрдЧ рдХрд░рддा рд╣ै।

рдЙрдкрд░्рдпुрдХ्рдд рдХрдердиों рдоें рд╕े рдХौрди-рд╕े рд╕рд╣ी рд╣ैं?

(a) рдХेрд╡рд▓ 1 рдФрд░ 2

(b) рдХेрд╡рд▓ 2 рдФрд░ 3

(c) рдХेрд╡рд▓ 1 рдФрд░ 3

(d) 1, 2 рдФрд░ 3

рд╕рд╣ी рдЙрдд्рддрд░: (a) рдХेрд╡рд▓ 1 рдФрд░ 2

(рд╡्рдпाрдЦ्рдпा: CDS рдХे рдкाрд╕ рддीрдиों рд╕ेрдиाрдУं рдХी рдк्рд░рдд्рдпрдХ्рд╖ рдкрд░िрдЪाрд▓рди рд╕ैрди्рдп рдХрдоाрди рдирд╣ीं рд╣ोрддी; рдкрд░िрдЪाрд▓рди рдХрдоाрди рд╡рд░्рддрдоाрди рдоें рд╕ंрдмंрдзिрдд рд╕ेрдиा рдк्рд░рдоुрдЦों рдХे рдкाрд╕ рд╣ै, рдЬрдм рддрдХ рдХि рдПрдХीрдХृрдд рдеिрдПрдЯрд░ рдХрдоाрди рдкूрд░ी рддрд░рд╣ рд╕े рд▓ाрдЧू рдирд╣ीं рд╣ो рдЬाрддीं)।

рдоुрдЦ्рдп рдкрд░ीрдХ्рд╖ा (Mains)

  • CSE Mains 2022 (GS Paper III - рд╕ुрд░рдХ्рд╖ा):

    "‘рдеिрдПрдЯрд░ рдХрдоाрдиों рдХे рдЧрдарди рдХे рдоाрдз्рдпрдо рд╕े рд░рдХ्рд╖ा рдкुрдирд░्рдЧрдарди рднрд╡िрд╖्рдп рдХे рд╕ंрдпुрдХ्рдд рдпुрдж्рдз рдХी рджिрд╢ा рдоें рдПрдХ рдЖрд╡рд╢्рдпрдХ рдХрджрдо рд╣ै।’ рднाрд░рдд рдоें рдеिрдПрдЯрд░ рдХрдоाрдиों рдХो рд▓ाрдЧू рдХрд░рдиे рдоें рдЕрд╡рд╕рд░ों рдФрд░ рд╕ंрд╕्рдеाрдЧрдд рдмाрдзाрдУं рдХी рд╡िрд╡ेрдЪрдиा рдХीрдЬिрдП।" (15 рдЕंрдХ, 250 рд╢рдм्рдж)

  • CSE Mains 2021 (GS Paper III - рд╕ुрд░рдХ्рд╖ा):

    "рд╕ैрди्рдп рдоाрдорд▓ों рдХा рд╡िрднाрдЧ (DMA) рднाрд░рддीрдп рд╕рд╢рд╕्рдд्рд░ рдмрд▓ों рдХे рдмीрдЪ рдмेрд╣рддрд░ рдиाрдЧрд░िрдХ-рд╕ैрди्рдп рд╕ंрд▓рдпрди рдФрд░ рдкрд░िрдЪाрд▓рди рддाрд▓рдоेрд▓ рдХो рдХैрд╕े рд╕ुрдЧрдо рдмрдиाрддा рд╣ै? рдЪीрдл рдСрдл рдбिрдлेंрд╕ рд╕्рдЯाрдл (CDS) рдХे рдЕрдзिрджेрд╢ рдХा рд╡िрд╢्рд▓ेрд╖рдг рдХीрдЬिрдП।" (10 рдЕंрдХ, 150 рд╢рдм्рдж)

  • CSE Mains 2019 (GS Paper III - рд╕ुрд░рдХ्рд╖ा):

    "рдпुрдж्рдз рдХी рдк्рд░рдХृрддि рдк्рд░рдд्рдпрдХ्рд╖ рд╕ंрдкрд░्рдХ рдпुрдж्рдз рд╕े рдмрд╣ु-рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░ीрдп рдФрд░ рдЕрд╕рдордоिрдд рдпुрдж्рдз рдоें рдкрд░िрд╡рд░्рддिрдд рд╣ो рд░рд╣ी рд╣ै। рдЗрд╕рдХे рдЖрд▓ोрдХ рдоें рд╣ाрдЗрдм्рд░िрдб рдФрд░ рдЧैрд░-рдЧрддिрдЬ рдЦрддрд░ों рд╕े рдиिрдкрдЯрдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП рднाрд░рддीрдп рд╕рд╢рд╕्рдд्рд░ рдмрд▓ों рдХी рддрдд्рдкрд░рддा рдХा рдоूрд▓्рдпांрдХрди рдХीрдЬिрдП।" (15 рдЕंрдХ, 250 рд╢рдм्рдж)

5. рдоुрдЦ्рдп рдкрд░ीрдХ्рд╖ा рдЕрдн्рдпाрд╕ рдк्рд░рд╢्рди

рдк्рд░рд╢्рди: "рдпूрдХ्рд░ेрди рдФрд░ рдкрд╢्рдЪिрдо рдПрд╢िрдпा рдХे рд╕рдордХाрд▓ीрди рдпुрдж्рдзрдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░ рдпрд╣ рд╕्рдкрд╖्рдЯ рдХрд░рддे рд╣ैं рдХि рд╕ुрджृрдв़ рдФрд░ рдиेрдЯрд╡рд░्рдХ-рдЖрдзाрд░िрдд рд░рдХ्рд╖ा рдк्рд░рдгाрд▓िрдпों рдХे рд╡िрд░ुрдж्рдз рдХेрд╡рд▓ рд╣рд╡ाрдИ рдк्рд░рднुрдд्рд╡ рдиिрд░्рдгाрдпрдХ рд░рдгрдиीрддिрдХ рдкрд░िрдгाрдо рдХी рдЧाрд░ंрдЯी рдирд╣ीं рджे рд╕рдХрддा। рдЗрд╕рдХे рдЖрд▓ोрдХ рдоें, рднाрд░рдд рдоें рдПрдХीрдХृрдд рдеिрдПрдЯрд░ рдХрдоाрдиों (ITCs) рдХे рдЧрдарди рд╕े рдЬुрдб़े рд╡िрднिрди्рди рддрд░्рдХों рдХा рд╕рдоाрд▓ोрдЪрдиाрдд्рдордХ рдкрд░ीрдХ्рд╖рдг рдХीрдЬिрдП рддрдеा рд╕рдордЭाрдЗрдП рдХि рднाрд░рдд рд╡ाрдпु рд╕ंрдкрдд्рддिрдпों рдХे рдкрд░िрдЪाрд▓рди рд▓рдЪीрд▓ेрдкрди рдФрд░ рдд्рд░ि-рд╕ेрд╡ा рд╕ंрдпुрдХ्рддрддा рдХे рдмीрдЪ рдХिрд╕ рдк्рд░рдХाрд░ рд╕ंрддुрд▓рди рд╕ाрдз рд╕рдХрддा рд╣ै। (15 рдЕंрдХ, 250 рд╢рдм्рдж)"

United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (UNCERD/CERD)

  United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (UNCERD/CERD) The United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Raci...