UPSC (2026) Prelims MCQs: COP-30, Water and Climate Adaptation
Q1.
The 30th United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP-30) was held in:
(a) Dubai, UAE
(b) Belém, Brazil
(c) Glasgow, United Kingdom
(d) Nairobi, Kenya
Answer: (b) Belém, Brazil
Explanation:
COP-30 took place in Belém, Brazil, in November 2025 and was widely described as the “COP of Implementation”, focusing on turning climate commitments into measurable actions.
Q2.
The Belém Adaptation Indicators were introduced under which framework?
(a) Kyoto Protocol
(b) Paris Agreement
(c) UAE Framework for Global Climate Resilience
(d) Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
Answer: (c) UAE Framework for Global Climate Resilience
Explanation:
The Belém Adaptation Indicators (59 indicators) are part of the UAE Framework for Global Climate Resilience, which aims to measure global progress on climate adaptation.
Q3.
For the first time in global climate accountability frameworks, which of the following sectors was explicitly integrated into adaptation indicators?
(a) Aviation
(b) Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)
(c) Nuclear energy
(d) Tourism
Answer: (b) Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)
Explanation:
COP-30 incorporated WASH systems into adaptation indicators, recognising water infrastructure as central to climate resilience and survival.
Q4.
Which of the following are major ways through which climate change is experienced through water systems?
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Flooding of cities
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Glacial melt affecting river systems
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Saline intrusion in coastal aquifers
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Increased mineral extraction
Select the correct answer.
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 2 and 4 only
(c) 1 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Answer: (a) 1, 2 and 3 only
Explanation:
Climate change affects water through floods, glacier melt, droughts, and salinity intrusion, while mineral extraction is unrelated to climate impacts in this context.
Q5.
According to climate studies, agriculture contributes approximately what share of anthropogenic methane emissions globally?
(a) 10%
(b) 25%
(c) 40%
(d) 60%
Answer: (c) 40%
Explanation:
Agriculture contributes about 40% of methane emissions, mainly from rice cultivation, livestock, and organic waste.
Q6.
Which of the following targets were highlighted in the Belém Adaptation Indicators?
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Universal multi-hazard early warning systems by 2027
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Updated national vulnerability assessments by 2030
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Elimination of fossil fuels by 2035
Select the correct answer.
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 1 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: (a) 1 and 2 only
Explanation:
The indicators emphasise risk governance, including early warning systems by 2027 and updated vulnerability assessments by 2030.
Q7.
The Ministry of Jal Shakti, which consolidated India’s water governance institutions, was created in:
(a) 2014
(b) 2016
(c) 2019
(d) 2022
Answer: (c) 2019
Explanation:
The Ministry of Jal Shakti was established in 2019 by merging the Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation with the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation.
Q8.
The National Aquifer Mapping and Management Programme (NAQUIM) primarily aims to:
(a) Map and manage India’s groundwater resources
(b) Monitor ocean salinity levels
(c) Track glacial melting in the Himalayas
(d) Develop desalination technologies
Answer: (a) Map and manage India’s groundwater resources
Explanation:
NAQUIM maps aquifers and develops aquifer-level management plans for sustainable groundwater use.
Q9.
Which programme focuses on the rejuvenation of the Ganga River system while integrating biodiversity conservation and digital monitoring?
(a) National Water Mission
(b) National Mission for Clean Ganga
(c) Atal Bhujal Yojana
(d) Namami Bharat Programme
Answer: (b) National Mission for Clean Ganga
Explanation:
The National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) is the implementing arm of the Namami Gange Programme, focusing on river rejuvenation and ecosystem restoration.
Q10.
Which of the following best reflects the new approach to climate adaptation highlighted in COP-30?
(a) Focus on long-term climate pledges without monitoring
(b) Emphasis on measurable and accountable resilience systems
(c) Limiting adaptation only to coastal regions
(d) Replacing mitigation policies with adaptation policies
Answer: (b) Emphasis on measurable and accountable resilience systems
Explanation:
COP-30 emphasised implementation and measurable indicators, making adaptation data-driven, accountable, and system-based rather than just policy commitments.
✅ Important Prelims Themes from this Article
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COP-30 → Belém, Brazil (2025)
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Belém Adaptation Indicators (59 indicators)
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UAE Framework for Global Climate Resilience
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Integration of WASH into climate adaptation
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NAQUIM Programme
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National Mission for Clean Ganga
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Target of universal early warning systems by 2027
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