Q.1 Bring out the constructive programmes of Mahatma Gandhi during Non-Cooperation Movement and Civil Disobedience Movement.
Answer :
Introduction
Mahatma
Gandhi's leadership during the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922) and the
Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1934) was marked by a range of constructive
programs aimed at addressing various social, economic, and political issues in
India.
Non-Cooperation
Movement (1920-1922)
Promotion
of Swadeshi Boycott of British Goods: Gandhi urged Indians to boycott
British-made goods and instead promote the use of Indian-made products.
Support
for Khadi: The spinning wheel became a symbol of the movement, and local
production of khadi was promoted through community spinning and weaving.
Educational
Reforms
Establishment
of National Schools: Gandhi emphasised the need for indigenous education that
was rooted in Indian culture and values.
Promotion
of Basic Education: Emphasis was placed on basic education in local languages
and the development of a curriculum that was relevant to the needs of rural
India.
Social
Reforms
Promotion
of Hindu-Muslim Unity: Gandhi worked tirelessly to promote communal harmony and
collaboration within the freedom movement.
Campaign
Against Untouchability: Gandhi launched a campaign against untouchability,
advocating for the social upliftment of the "Harijans". He encouraged
their inclusion in mainstream society and worked to eradicate caste-based
discrimination.
Economic
Self-Sufficiency
Promotion
of Rural Industries: Gandhi supported the development of rural industries and
crafts to improve local economies and reduce dependency on British goods. This
included promoting traditional handicrafts and small-scale industries.
Political
Reform
Boycott
of British Institutions: Gandhi encouraged the boycott of British-run
institutions, including schools, courts, and legislative councils, to protest
against British policies and to assert Indian self-determination.
Civil
Disobedience Movement (1930-1934)
Salt
March (Dandi March)
Direct
Action Against Salt Tax: By producing salt from seawater, Gandhi aimed to
challenge the unjust salt tax and mobilise mass participation in the movement.
Expansion
of Civil Disobedience
Non-Violent
Resistance: People were urged to refuse to obey laws they deemed unjust, such
as those related to taxation, land revenue, and other oppressive measures.
Encouragement
of Mass Participation: Gandhi sought to involve people from all walks of life
in the struggle, making the movement inclusive and broad-based.
Promotion
of Self-Reliance
Continued
Emphasis on Khadi: Gandhi believed that economic independence through khadi
production was essential for the success of the freedom struggle.
Social
Upliftment
Continued
Campaign Against Untouchability: His campaign against untouchability was an
integral part of his broader vision for social reform.
Encouragement
of Local Governance
Promotion
of Village Self-Government: He believed that empowering villages would help
build a strong foundation for Indian self-rule.
Conclusion
In both
movements, Gandhi's constructive programs were aimed at creating a
self-reliant, just, and equitable society. These programs not only supported
the political objectives of the freedom struggle but also addressed social and
economic issues, thereby laying the groundwork for a more inclusive and
self-sustaining independence movement
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