Microbes, Plastics, and Antibiotic Resistance: Insights from the Sundarbans

Context

A study by the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Kolkata, published in FEMS Microbiology Letters, has highlighted a dual role of microbes found in the Sundarbans. While some microbes possess the ability to degrade plastics, they also act as reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and metal resistance genes (MRGs), raising concerns for public health and the environment.

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Key Findings

1. Plastic Persistence and Microplastics

   • Plastics degrade into microplastics (<5 mm) and nanoplastics (<1 μm).

   • These particles accumulate in ecosystems, attract pollutants (heavy metals, antibiotics), and provide surfaces for microbial colonisation.

2. Study Site & Method

   • Location: Mooriganga estuary, Sundarbans (receives ~3 billion microplastic particles daily).

   • Samples: Surface water collected monthly (2020–21).

   • Technique: Metagenomic sequencing of microbial DNA.

   • Databases: PlasticDB for plastic-degrading enzymes (PDEs), plus ARGs, MRGs, and mobile genetic elements databases.

3. Plastic-Degrading Enzymes (PDEs)

   • Found 838 PDE hits, acting on 17 different plastic polymers.

   • Most abundant: enzymes breaking down polyethylene glycol (PEG) (biomedical + industrial contamination source).

   • PDEs more abundant during monsoon (due to nutrient and plastic influx).

4. Antibiotic and Metal Resistance Genes

   • Co-occurrence of PDEs + ARGs + MRGs within same microbial communities.

   • Common ARGs: resistance to aminoglycosides.

   • Common MRGs: resistance to zinc.

   • Strong link between plastic exposure and the rise of microbial resistance traits.

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Significance

• Positive:

  • Demonstrates natural microbial adaptation to degrade plastics.

  • Offers potential for biotechnological innovations in tackling plastic waste.

• Negative:

  • Plastic-degrading microbes may simultaneously spread antimicrobial resistance (AMR).

  • Plastics serve as “hotbeds” for gene exchange, enabling horizontal gene transfer.

  • Risk of worsening AMR, undermining One Health and public health goals.

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Broader Concerns

1. Climate Change Factor

   • Climate-induced floods, temperature shifts, and salinity may accelerate gene transfer.

   • Raises the possibility of ARGs spreading into human pathogens.

2. One Health Implication

   • Direct link between environmental pollution, microbial adaptation, and human health.

   • Highlights interconnection of environment, animals, and humans in AMR spread.

3. Policy Implications

   • Need for integrated plastic waste management.

   • Careful risk assessment before deploying plastic-degrading microbes at scale.

   • Strengthening India’s AMR surveillance framework.

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Prelims Pointers

• PETase enzyme: Discovered in Ideonella sakaiensis, breaks down PET (plastic bottles).

• One Health Concept: Integrates human, animal, and environmental health.

• Metagenomics: Technique to sequence DNA of entire microbial communities.

• Sundarbans: Largest mangrove forest, receives ~3 billion microplastic particles daily.

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Mains Practice Questions

1. GS-III (Environment)
   “Plastic-degrading microbes offer promise for waste management but may exacerbate antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Critically examine in the context of recent IISER Kolkata findings.”

2. GS-III (Science & Tech + Health)
   “Discuss the significance of microbial biodegradation of plastics in India. How can the risks of antimicrobial resistance be mitigated while pursuing such solutions?”

3. GS-II / Essay
   “Plastic pollution and antimicrobial resistance are twin crises with shared roots in human activity. Evaluate this statement in the context of ‘One Health’.”

 

India–Japan Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM): A New Pathway for Low-Carbon Cooperation

Context

During Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visit to Japan, India’s Environment Ministry announced the signing of a Memorandum of Cooperation (MoC) on a Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM) with Tokyo. This marks India’s first engagement in such a bilateral carbon crediting mechanism under the Paris Agreement (Article 6.2), opening a new chapter in climate diplomacy and sustainable development.

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What is the Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM)?

• Japanese Initiative: Japan invests in and implements low-carbon technologies in partner developing countries.

• Carbon Credits: Emission reductions achieved are credited partly to Japan’s account, helping it meet its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).

• Benefits for Partner Countries: Access to advanced technologies, investment, and capacity building, while still contributing to their own climate goals.

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Key Features of the India–Japan MoC

1. Technology Transfer & Investment

   • Promotes flow of low-carbon technologies, equipment, and systems into India.

   • Encourages localisation and large-scale deployment of these technologies.

2. Capacity Building

   • Strengthens domestic ecosystem for carbon markets.

   • Provides training, institutional support, and high-tech interventions.

3. Carbon Credits under Paris Agreement (Article 6.2)

   • Credits generated can be traded internationally.

   • Will not “adversely impact” India’s NDC commitments.

4. Institutional Framework

   • A National Designated Authority (NDA) has been constituted to approve projects, evaluate emission reductions, and regulate the Indian carbon market.

   • Cabinet has authorised the Environment Ministry to finalise implementation rules and sign similar agreements with other countries.

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India’s Climate Commitments (NDCs)

• Emission Intensity Reduction: 45% by 2030 (from 2005 levels).

• Renewable Energy: 50% cumulative electric power capacity from non-fossil fuels by 2030.

• Carbon Sink Creation: Additional 2.5–3 billion tonnes of CO₂ equivalent through afforestation by 2030.

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Significance of the JCM for India

1. Access to Advanced Technology: Provides cutting-edge Japanese innovations in renewable energy, green hydrogen, waste management, and energy efficiency.

2. Green Finance Flow: Attracts foreign investment for climate projects in India.

3. Boost to Indian Carbon Market: Strengthens domestic mechanisms for carbon trading.

4. Sustainable Development: Promotes infrastructure development aligned with climate goals.

5. Strategic Diplomacy: Strengthens India–Japan partnership in the Indo-Pacific, extending cooperation beyond security to climate resilience.

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Challenges Ahead

• Balancing Credits: Ensuring India retains enough emission reductions for its own NDCs while sharing with Japan.

• Institutional Readiness: Effective functioning of the National Designated Authority and robust monitoring systems.

• Technology Localisation: Avoiding over-dependence on imported technologies; ensuring technology absorption in Indian industries.

• Carbon Market Stability: Preventing over-supply or under-valuation of credits in global markets.

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Prelims Pointers

1. Article 6 of the Paris Agreement deals with carbon markets and international cooperation.

   • Article 6.2 → Bilateral/multilateral cooperative approaches (like JCM).

   • Article 6.4 → UN-supervised global carbon market.

2. National Designated Authority (NDA) → Nodal body for approving carbon credit projects in India.

3. India’s NDCs → Emission intensity, non-fossil capacity, afforestation-based carbon sink.

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PYQ Linkage

UPSC Prelims 2020: “The term ‘Intended Nationally Determined Contributions’ is sometimes seen in the news in the context of…”

• (a) Pledges made by the European Union to mitigate climate change

• (b) Pledges made by the US to mitigate climate change

• (c) Pledges made by India to meet its energy demands

• (d) Pledges made by parties to the UNFCCC to mitigate climate change

Answer: (d)

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Mains Practice Question (GS-III)

“Discuss the significance of India–Japan Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM) in advancing India’s climate goals while balancing developmental needs. How does it align with Article 6 of the Paris Agreement?”

 

India’s Industrial Output and Energy Security in the Age of Trade Strains

Context

The Index of Industrial Production (IIP) registered a four-month high growth of 3.5% in July 2025, offering some relief amidst external headwinds, especially after the U.S. imposed 25% penalty tariffs on India over continued oil imports from Russia. This situation highlights the fragile balance between domestic economic resilience and external economic vulnerabilities.

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Key Highlights of the IIP Data

1. Overall Growth

   • IIP growth in July 2025: 3.5% (vs 5% in July 2024).

   • Broad-based growth driven by manufacturing and government capex.

2. Sectoral Growth

   • Capital Goods: +5% y/y

   • Intermediate Goods: +5.8% y/y

   • Infrastructure Goods: +11.9% y/y

3. Industry-specific Growth

   • Basic Metals: +12.7% y/y

   • Electrical Equipment: +15.9% y/y

   • Non-metallic Minerals (cement, etc.): +9.5% y/y

4. Rural Consumption Demand (Green Shoots)

   • Consumer Durables: +7.7% y/y

   • Consumer Non-durables: +0.5% y/y (positive after 9 months).

5. Inflation Trends

   • Retail inflation: 1.55% (aided by food disinflation of -0.8%).

   • Consumer non-durables were negative for most of the past 12 months due to food inflation, but show early recovery.

6. Weak Spots

   • Mining: -7.2% (contracted for 4th consecutive month due to coal mine flooding in Jharkhand, Odisha, Bengal, Chhattisgarh).

   • Electricity: +0.6% (much lower than +7.9% last year).

7. Tariff-Stressed Sectors

   • Textiles: -1.4%

   • Apparels: +3.2%

   • Leather: -3%

   • These are labour-intensive, MSME-heavy sectors and highly vulnerable to job losses.

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Analysis for UPSC Mains

1. Growth Resilience and Government-led Capex

• Positive growth in infrastructure goods, metals, and electrical equipment suggests government capital expenditure continues to be the main driver of industrial activity.

• However, dependence on government spending without parallel private investment may make growth unsustainable.

2. Rural Demand and Inflation

• Food price disinflation and easing retail inflation have revived consumption in both durables and non-durables.

• Since rural demand accounts for a significant share of total demand, this could provide a multiplier effect if inflation stays low.

3. Structural Vulnerabilities

• Mining disruptions due to climate-induced flooding reveal vulnerabilities in resource security.

• Electricity output slowdown impacts energy-intensive manufacturing sectors.

4. External Challenges

• U.S. tariff sanctions expose India’s dependence on global trade relations.

• MSME-driven export sectors (textiles, leather, apparels) face job loss risks, creating social and economic stress.

5. Policy Imperatives

• Provide liquidity support to MSMEs in export-heavy sectors.

• Promote domestic manufacturing resilience through PLI schemes and cluster-based industrial development.

• Strengthen energy security via diversification of sources (renewables, strategic reserves, nuclear).

• Invest in disaster-proof mining infrastructure to mitigate climate risks.

• Leverage low inflation window to boost consumption via rural employment schemes (e.g., MGNREGA, PM-Kisan support).

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Prelims Pointers

1. IIP Base Year: 2011-12.

2. Weightage in IIP: Manufacturing (77.6%), Mining (14.4%), Electricity (8%).

3. Recent Trend: July 2025 → +3.5% growth (highest in 4 months).

4. Key driver of current growth: Infrastructure goods (+11.9%).

5. Inflation data source: National Statistical Office (NSO) uses CPI (Combined) for retail inflation.

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PYQ Practice

Q1. (UPSC Prelims 2019) Consider the following statements about Index of Industrial Production (IIP):

1. It is released by the National Statistical Office.

2. It covers only mining, manufacturing, and electricity sectors.

3. The base year of IIP is 2011-12.
   Which of the above statements is/are correct?

• (a) 1 and 2 only

• (b) 2 and 3 only

• (c) 1 and 3 only

• (d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (d) All three.

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Q2. (Mains Practice, GS-III)
“Recent industrial growth trends show green shoots of rural demand but external trade sanctions and mining disruptions may derail the recovery.” Discuss with reference to the Index of Industrial Production (IIP) and India’s trade vulnerabilities.

 

India’s Energy Security & the Age of Sovereignty

By Suryavanshi IAS

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1. Context: Energy Dependence as a Strategic Vulnerability

India imports around 85% of its crude oil and more than 50% of its natural gas. These aren’t just numbers—they represent strategic liabilities, especially as geopolitical flashpoints—such as in West Asia, the Strait of Hormuz, and the Red Sea—can disrupt supply chains. With an energy import bill of nearly $170 billion in FY 2023–24, energy policy must be central to national risk management. Sovereignty, in energy terms, means control, resilience, and autonomy.

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2. Lessons from Global Energy Flashpoints

Historical crises have reshaped energy policy:

Crisis	Lesson
1973 Oil Embargo	Highlighted the need for strategic petroleum reserves (SPRs) and diversified sourcing.
2011 Fukushima	Caused distrust in nuclear power; today, nuclear is re-emerging as clean baseload.
2021 Texas Freeze	Exposed vulnerabilities in systems built for cost-efficiency rather than resilience.
2022 Russia-Ukraine War	Energy weaponization and supply shocks showed perils of over-dependence.
2025 Iberian Blackout	Grid collapse due to lack of inertia highlighted the need for backup capacity with renewables.

UPSC Insight: India must pivot proactively—with foresight, not just reaction.

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3. Deep Dive: Five Pillars of India’s Energy Sovereignty

Pillar	Strategic Rationale
Coal Gasification	Utilize high-ash domestic reserves to produce syngas, hydrogen, and methanol; pair with carbon capture to align with decarbonization.
Biofuels	Ethanol blending (₹92,000 cr saved) empowers farmers, supports E20 rollout, and supports SATAT to restore soil health.
Nuclear Expansion	Move beyond stagnant 8.8 GW by adopting thorium roadmap, SMRs, and uranium partnerships for clean, dispatchable energy.
Green Hydrogen	Hit 5 MMT/year by 2030 through domestic electrolyser and catalyst production to ensure sovereign supply chains.
Pumped Hydro Storage	Provide the grid-inertia backbone to stabilize renewable-heavy energy systems—leveraging India’s terrain.

Synergies: These pillars interlink—biofuels serve climate justice, gasification offers resilience, and green hydrogen bridges clean-tech autonomy.

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4. Progress So Far & Road Ahead

• Diversified Supply: Crude imports from West Asia have dropped below 45%, reducing over-dependence.

• Strategic Buffers: Expansion of SPRs is underway to mitigate shocks.

• Policy Push: Initiatives like PLI schemes, energy corridors, and renewable partnerships are building infrastructure and capabilities.

Challenges: Scaling gasification and CC technologies, building financing models for pumped hydro, and instituting robust green hydrogen ecosystems.

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5. UPSC-Relevant Themes by Paper

• GS-III (Energy, Infrastructure, S&T): Energy sovereignty vs. green transition.

• GS-II (International Relations): Geopolitical dependencies and energy diplomacy.

• Essay / Interview: Frame the narrative: "Energy sovereignty is indispensable, not optional."

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6. Previous Year UPSC Mains Questions (with key outlines based on official demands)

A. 2017 – GS-II

Q: "The question of India's energy security constitutes the most important part of India's economic progress. Analyze India's energy policy cooperation with West Asian countries."
Outline:

• Introduction: India imports ~60% oil from West Asia.

• Cooperation: India-UAE CEPA, Vision 2030 with Saudi Arabia, ONGC investments in Oman/UAE.

• Significance: Ensures supply, strengthens diplomacy, investments in solar collaborations.

• Challenges: Region instability, US policies, bureaucratic inertia.

• Conclusion: West Asia is vital, but India must diversify and deepen strategic energy ties.

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B. 2021 – GS-III

Q: "Energy security is significant for socio-economic development. Discuss the challenges in achieving energy security and suggest measures to ensure it."
Outline:

• Significance: Reliable, affordable energy underpins SDGs, growth, and well-being.

• Challenges: Import-dependence, infrastructure gaps, regulatory delays, rural energy access, geopolitical risks.

• Solutions: Diversification, smart grids, energy efficiency, legislative frameworks, decentralized renewables. 

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C. 2018 – GS-III (Indirectly relevant)

Q: “Access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy is the sine qua non to achieve SDGs.” Comment on India’s progress.**
Key points: Renewable expansion, UJALA, rural electrification, energy efficiency—balanced with import bills and infrastructure deficiencies. 

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7. Conclusion

Sovereignty in the 21st century hinges not on oil but on energy autonomy. India's five pillars—coal gasification, biofuels, nuclear expansion, green hydrogen, and pumped hydro storage—are revolutionary foundations for resilient growth. Learning from past shocks, India must build energy systems that are secure, indigenous, and future-ready—not just for policy, but for national survival.

Question: In the first quarter of the financial year 2025–26, India’s economy grew at a rate of 7.8%, the highest in five quarters. Discuss the key drivers of this growth and the challenges ahead. (250 words)

Question: In the first quarter of the financial year 2025–26, India’s economy grew at a rate of 7.8%, the highest in five quarters. Discuss the key drivers of this growth and the challenges ahead. (250 words)

 Answer:

In the first quarter (April–June) of FY 2025–26, India’s GDP grew at 7.8%, the highest in five quarters and well above the RBI’s projection of 6.5%. This strong performance reflects resilience in domestic demand as well as sectoral momentum.

Key Drivers of Growth:

1. Manufacturing (7.7%) – Despite a high base, industrial output remained strong, supported by investment and policy reforms.

2. Construction (7.6%) – Infrastructure projects and housing demand gave a steady push to the sector.

3. Services (9.3%) – Financial services, trade, hotels, transport, and communication posted two-year highs, reflecting robust consumer activity.

4. Public administration and defence (9.8%) – A surge in government expenditure contributed to this acceleration.

5. Policy measures – Cuts in indirect taxes and expectations of festival demand boosted aggregate demand.

Challenges Ahead:

1. External shocks: The recent 50% tariffs imposed by the U.S. could adversely impact export-oriented industries.

2. Global uncertainty: Sluggish trade and geopolitical risks may reduce investment inflows and export earnings.

3. Utilities slowdown: Electricity, gas, and water supply grew by only 0.5%, highlighting infrastructure bottlenecks.

4. Domestic demand fluctuations: Temporary slowdown in consumer spending before the GST Council meeting and stress in rural income may affect consumption.

Conclusion:
India’s 7.8% Q1 growth reflects strong fundamentals, but external trade pressures and sectoral weaknesses cannot be ignored. A policy focus on export diversification, infrastructure strengthening, and domestic demand stimulation will be crucial for sustaining high growth in the coming quarters.

प्रश्न: वित्तीय वर्ष 2025-26 की पहली तिमाही में भारत की अर्थव्यवस्था 7.8% की दर से बढ़ी, जो पाँच तिमाहियों में सबसे अधिक है। इस वृद्धि के प्रमुख कारणों और आगामी चुनौतियों पर चर्चा कीजिए। (250 शब्द)

 प्रश्न: वित्तीय वर्ष 2025-26 की पहली तिमाही में भारत की अर्थव्यवस्था 7.8% की दर से बढ़ी, जो पाँच तिमाहियों में सबसे अधिक है। इस वृद्धि के प्रमुख कारणों और आगामी चुनौतियों पर चर्चा कीजिए। (250 शब्द)

उत्तर:

वित्तीय वर्ष 2025-26 की पहली तिमाही (अप्रैल-जून) में भारत की जीडीपी वृद्धि दर 7.8% रही, जो पिछले पाँच तिमाहियों में सर्वाधिक है। यह दर भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक के अनुमानित 6.5% से भी अधिक रही।

वृद्धि के प्रमुख कारण:

1. विनिर्माण क्षेत्र (7.7%) – पिछले वर्ष के उच्च आधार के बावजूद मजबूत वृद्धि ने औद्योगिक उत्पादन और निवेश माहौल में सुधार को दर्शाया।

2. निर्माण क्षेत्र (7.6%) – अधोसंरचना परियोजनाओं व आवासीय मांग ने इस क्षेत्र को सहारा दिया।

3. सेवा क्षेत्र (9.3%) – वित्तीय सेवाएँ, व्यापार, होटल, परिवहन और संचार जैसे क्षेत्रों में 2 वर्षों की सर्वाधिक वृद्धि दर्ज हुई।

4. लोक प्रशासन व रक्षा (9.8%) – सार्वजनिक व्यय और सरकारी खर्च में वृद्धि से इस क्षेत्र में तेजी आई।

5. नीतिगत समर्थन – अप्रत्यक्ष करों में कमी और त्योहारी सीजन की तैयारियों ने घरेलू मांग को मजबूती दी।

आगामी चुनौतियाँ:

1. अमेरिका द्वारा 50% आयात शुल्क – निर्यात-उन्मुख उद्योगों पर प्रतिकूल प्रभाव पड़ सकता है।

2. वैश्विक अनिश्चितताएँ – व्यापारिक मंदी और भू-राजनीतिक परिस्थितियाँ निर्यात और निवेश को प्रभावित कर सकती हैं।

3. यूटिलिटी सेक्टर की कमजोरी – बिजली, गैस और जल आपूर्ति क्षेत्र में केवल 0.5% की वृद्धि अवसंरचना की चुनौतियों को उजागर करती है।

4. घरेलू मांग में अस्थायी कमी – जीएसटी बैठक पूर्व की सुस्ती और ग्रामीण आय पर दबाव से मांग प्रभावित हो सकती है।

निष्कर्ष:
भारत की पहली तिमाही की वृद्धि दर अर्थव्यवस्था की मजबूती और घरेलू मांग की क्षमता को दर्शाती है। हालाँकि, निर्यात पर निर्भरता, वैश्विक आर्थिक अनिश्चितताएँ और अवसंरचना की चुनौतियाँ आगे की राह कठिन बना सकती हैं। इसलिए नीति-निरंतरता, निर्यात विविधीकरण और घरेलू खपत को प्रोत्साहन ही सतत विकास का मार्ग प्रशस्त करेंगे।

भारत की पहली तिमाही की जीडीपी वृद्धि: यूपीएससी छात्रों के लिए मुख्य बिंदु

 भारत की पहली तिमाही की जीडीपी वृद्धि: यूपीएससी छात्रों के लिए मुख्य बिंदु

सूर्यवंशी IAS द्वारा

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प्रस्तावना

वित्तीय वर्ष 2025-26 की पहली तिमाही (अप्रैल-जून) में भारत की अर्थव्यवस्था ने मजबूत प्रदर्शन किया और जीडीपी वृद्धि दर 7.8% रही, जो पिछले पाँच तिमाहियों में सबसे अधिक है। यह वृद्धि भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक (RBI) के 6.5% अनुमान से भी अधिक है। विनिर्माण (Manufacturing), निर्माण (Construction) और सेवाओं (Services) क्षेत्रों ने इसमें प्रमुख योगदान दिया। यूपीएससी अभ्यर्थियों के लिए यह समझना महत्वपूर्ण है कि इस वृद्धि के पीछे क्या कारण हैं और आगे क्या चुनौतियाँ सामने आ सकती हैं। यह विषय सामान्य अध्ययन पेपर-III (अर्थव्यवस्था) के अंतर्गत सीधे प्रासंगिक है।

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पहली तिमाही की मुख्य बातें

1. जीडीपी वृद्धि दर: 7.8% (पिछले 5 तिमाहियों में सर्वाधिक)।

2. क्षेत्रवार प्रदर्शन:

   • विनिर्माण क्षेत्र: 7.7% (पिछली तिमाही Q4 2024-25 में 4.8% से बेहतर)।

   • निर्माण क्षेत्र: 7.6% (पिछले वर्ष की 10.1% वृद्धि से कम, लेकिन अभी भी मजबूत)।

   • सेवा क्षेत्र: 9.3% (पिछली तिमाही 7.3% से तेज)।

   • यूटिलिटी सेक्टर (बिजली, गैस, पानी): 0.5% (पिछले वर्ष के 10.2% से बड़ी गिरावट)।

3. सेवाओं के उप-क्षेत्र:

   • लोक प्रशासन, रक्षा एवं अन्य सेवाएँ: 9.8% (पिछले 3 वर्षों में सर्वाधिक)।

   • वित्तीय, रियल एस्टेट एवं प्रोफेशनल सेवाएँ: 9.5% (2 वर्षों में सर्वाधिक)।

   • व्यापार, होटल, परिवहन और संचार: 8.6% (2 वर्षों में सर्वाधिक)।

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वृद्धि के कारण

• सरकारी नीतिगत समर्थन: अप्रत्यक्ष करों में कमी से मांग में वृद्धि।

• त्योहारी मांग की संभावना: GST काउंसिल बैठक के बाद मांग में सुधार की उम्मीद।

• हाई बेस इफेक्ट के बावजूद मजबूती: विनिर्माण व निर्माण में पिछले वर्ष की ऊँची वृद्धि दर पर भी अच्छी वृद्धि।

• सार्वजनिक व्यय: लोक प्रशासन व रक्षा क्षेत्र में तेज वृद्धि सरकारी खर्च में बढ़ोतरी को दर्शाती है।

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सामने आने वाली चुनौतियाँ

• अमेरिका द्वारा 50% आयात शुल्क: निर्यात-उन्मुख उद्योग प्रभावित हो सकते हैं।

• वैश्विक व्यापार अनिश्चितता: निर्यात आय घटने से घरेलू मांग पर असर।

• यूटिलिटी सेक्टर की कमजोरी: बिजली व अन्य सेवाओं में गिरावट अवसंरचना संबंधी चिंता को दर्शाती है।

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सरकार की स्थिति

• मुख्य आर्थिक सलाहकार (CEA) वी. अनंथा नागेश्वरन:

  • वृद्धि की गति आगे भी जारी रहेगी।

  • अमेरिकी टैरिफ का असर सीमित रहेगा।

  • अप्रत्यक्ष कर कटौती और त्योहारी मांग से कुल मांग मजबूत बनी रहेगी।

  • पूरे वित्तीय वर्ष की वृद्धि अनुमान को बरकरार रखा गया है।

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यूपीएससी प्रासंगिकता

• सामान्य अध्ययन पेपर-III (अर्थव्यवस्था):

  • वृद्धि की प्रवृत्ति और क्षेत्रवार प्रदर्शन।

  • सरकारी नीतियों की भूमिका।

  • बाहरी क्षेत्र की चुनौतियाँ (टैरिफ, वैश्विक मंदी)।

• सामान्य अध्ययन पेपर-II (शासन):

  • सार्वजनिक व्यय और प्रशासन।

• निबंध / साक्षात्कार:

  • वैश्विक चुनौतियों के बीच भारत की वृद्धि क्षमता।

  • घरेलू मांग और बाहरी व्यापार संतुलन।

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आगे की राह

• निर्यात बढ़ावा: अमेरिकी निर्भरता कम कर अन्य देशों के साथ व्यापार।

• अवसंरचना सुदृढ़ करना: यूटिलिटी सेक्टर की कमजोरी दूर करना।

• नीतिगत निरंतरता: राजकोषीय और मौद्रिक समर्थन बनाए रखना।

• घरेलू खपत प्रोत्साहन: त्योहारी मांग और ग्रामीण व्यय का लाभ उठाना।

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निष्कर्ष

भारत की पहली तिमाही की जीडीपी वृद्धि 7.8% रही, जो अर्थव्यवस्था की मजबूती और घरेलू मांग पर आधारित है। वैश्विक चुनौतियों और अमेरिकी टैरिफ के बावजूद, सरकारी नीतियाँ और सेवा क्षेत्र का मजबूत प्रदर्शन भविष्य के लिए आशा जगाता है। यूपीएससी अभ्यर्थियों के लिए यह उदाहरण दर्शाता है कि किस प्रकार मैक्रोइकोनॉमिक संकेतक, क्षेत्रीय वृद्धि और नीतिगत पहल मिलकर अर्थव्यवस्था की दिशा तय करते हैं।

India's Q1 GDP Growth: Key Insights for UPSC Aspirants

 India's Q1 GDP Growth: Key Insights for UPSC Aspirants

By Suryavanshi IAS

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Introduction

India's economy registered a strong performance in the first quarter (April-June) of the financial year 2025-26, with GDP growth accelerating to 7.8%, the fastest in the last five quarters. This growth, higher than the Reserve Bank of India’s (RBI) estimate of 6.5%, has been powered by manufacturing, construction, and services. For UPSC aspirants, understanding the drivers, implications, and challenges of this growth is essential under the Economy section of GS Paper III.

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Key Highlights of Q1 Growth

1. GDP Growth Rate: 7.8% (highest in 5 quarters).

2. Sector-wise performance:

   • Manufacturing: 7.7% (higher than 4.8% in Q4 2024-25).

   • Construction: 7.6% (slower than 10.1% last year but still robust).

   • Services: 9.3% (up from 7.3% in previous quarter).

   • Utilities (Electricity, gas, water): 0.5% (sharp slowdown from 10.2% last year).

3. Sub-sectors of Services:

   • Public administration, defence & other services: 9.8% (3-year high).

   • Financial, real estate & professional services: 9.5% (2-year high).

   • Trade, hotels, transport, communication: 8.6% (2-year high).

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Factors Driving Growth

• Government policy support: Lower indirect tax rates boosting demand.

• Festive demand prospects: Expected rebound after GST Council meeting.

• High base effect: Despite last year’s high growth in manufacturing and construction, momentum has been sustained.

• Public spending: Higher growth in public administration and defence indicates strong government expenditure.

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Challenges Ahead

• U.S. Tariffs Impact: Recent 50% tariffs by the U.S. on Indian imports may dampen export-oriented industries.

• Uncertainty in global trade: Could impact domestic demand through reduced export earnings.

• Weak utilities sector performance: Sluggish growth in electricity and utilities signals concerns about infrastructure bottlenecks.

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Government’s Position

• Chief Economic Adviser (CEA) V. Anantha Nageswaran:

  • Growth momentum is likely to continue.

  • The impact of tariffs will be modest.

  • Aggregate demand will remain strong, driven by tax cuts and festival spending.

  • Growth estimate for the full year has been retained.

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UPSC Relevance

• GS Paper III (Economy):

  • Growth trends and sectoral performance.

  • Role of government policy in sustaining demand.

  • External sector challenges (trade tariffs, global slowdown).

• GS Paper II (Governance):

  • Public expenditure on administration and defence.

• Essay/Interview:

  • India’s growth resilience despite global challenges.

  • Balancing domestic demand with external trade uncertainties.

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Way Forward

• Boosting exports: Diversification of trade partners to reduce dependence on the U.S.

• Strengthening infrastructure: Addressing slowdown in utilities sector.

• Policy continuity: Maintaining supportive fiscal and monetary measures.

• Domestic consumption push: Leveraging festive demand and rural spending.

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Conclusion

India’s Q1 GDP growth at 7.8% reflects the economy’s resilience and strong domestic fundamentals. While external headwinds such as U.S. tariffs pose challenges, the government’s proactive policies and robust services sector outlook provide optimism. For UPSC aspirants, this case study illustrates how macroeconomic indicators, sectoral growth, and policy measures interplay to shape the overall economic trajectory.

अमेरिकी अधिकारी ने यूक्रेन संघर्ष को कहा ‘मोदी का युद्ध’: भू-राजनीतिक विश्लेषण

 

अमेरिकी अधिकारी ने यूक्रेन संघर्ष को कहा ‘मोदी का युद्ध’: भू-राजनीतिक विश्लेषण

सूर्यवंशी IAS द्वारा

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क्यों खबरों में?

अमेरिकी ट्रम्प प्रशासन ने भारत पर रूसी तेल खरीद को लेकर भारतीय वस्तुओं पर अतिरिक्त 25% सेकेंडरी प्रतिबंध लगा दिए हैं। इससे पहले भी 25% रेसिप्रोकल टैरिफ लगाए जा चुके थे। इसी बीच अमेरिकी अधिकारियों, विशेषकर व्यापार सलाहकार पीटर नवारो ने यूक्रेन संघर्ष को “मोदी का युद्ध” कहा। इससे भारत-अमेरिका संबंधों, वैश्विक ऊर्जा राजनीति और भारत की सामरिक स्वायत्तता पर गहन बहस छिड़ गई है।

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प्रमुख घटनाक्रम

1. टैरिफ और प्रतिबंध:

   • पहले से 25% रेसिप्रोकल टैरिफ लागू थे।

   • अब रूसी तेल खरीद पर दंडस्वरूप 25% अतिरिक्त सेकेंडरी प्रतिबंध लगाए गए।

2. अमेरिकी अधिकारियों के आरोप:

   • पीटर नवारो ने भारत पर “अहंकार”, “लाभ कमाने” और रूस के युद्ध मशीन को मदद करने का आरोप लगाया।

   • वडिनार रिफाइनरी (गुजरात) में रूसी कच्चे तेल की प्रोसेसिंग को युद्ध से जोड़ दिया।

   • उनका बयान: “अमेरिकी टैक्सपेयर्स हार रहे हैं क्योंकि हमें मोदी का युद्ध फंड करना पड़ रहा है।”

3. अमेरिकी ट्रेज़री सेक्रेटरी का बयान:

   • स्कॉट बेसेंट ने भारत-अमेरिका संबंधों को “जटिल” कहा।

   • व्यापार समझौते की विफलता और रुपये की कमजोरी को भी कारण बताया।

4. डेमोक्रेटिक पार्टी की आलोचना:

   • अमेरिकी डेमोक्रेट्स ने कहा कि चीन भारत से ज्यादा रूसी तेल खरीदता है।

   • भारत को निशाना बनाने से द्विपक्षीय संबंध कमजोर होंगे और अमेरिकी उपभोक्ताओं को नुकसान होगा।

5. पूर्व राजनयिकों की राय:

   • पूर्व राजदूत केनेथ जस्टर ने मोदी और ट्रम्प के बीच उच्च स्तरीय वार्ता की जरूरत बताई।

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भारत-अमेरिका व्यापार विवादों की समयरेखा (Timeline)

• 1991: भारत में आर्थिक उदारीकरण शुरू हुआ। अमेरिका ने भारत के आयात शुल्क को ऊँचा बताते हुए लगातार दबाव बनाया।

• 2007: अमेरिका ने भारत के खिलाफ WTO में शिकायत दर्ज कराई कि भारत के निर्यात सब्सिडी नियमों से वैश्विक व्यापार प्रभावित हो रहा है।

• 2012: अमेरिका ने भारतीय इस्पात (Steel) और श्रम नीतियों पर आपत्ति जताई।

• 2018: अमेरिका ने भारत से आयातित इस्पात और एल्यूमिनियम पर उच्च टैरिफ लगाया। भारत ने जवाब में अमेरिकी उत्पादों पर शुल्क लगाया।

• 2019: अमेरिका ने भारत को Generalised System of Preferences (GSP) से बाहर कर दिया, जिससे भारत को निर्यात पर मिलने वाली विशेष छूट समाप्त हो गई।

• 2020: भारत-अमेरिका के बीच एक “मिनी ट्रेड डील” पर बातचीत चली, लेकिन अंतिम रूप नहीं मिल सका।

• 2023-24: अमेरिकी प्रशासन बार-बार भारत पर रूस से तेल खरीद कम करने का दबाव डालता रहा।

• 2025: ट्रम्प प्रशासन द्वारा 25% सेकेंडरी सैंक्शन और “मोदी का युद्ध” बयान से विवाद नई ऊँचाई पर पहुँचा।

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UPSC के लिए विश्लेषण

प्रीलिम्स पॉइंटर्स

• सेकेंडरी सैंक्शन: वे दंड जो किसी देश द्वारा केवल अपने संस्थानों पर ही नहीं, बल्कि तीसरे देशों पर भी लागू किए जाते हैं यदि वे किसी प्रतिबंधित देश (यहां रूस) के साथ व्यापार करते हैं।

• रेसिप्रोकल टैरिफ: जब कोई देश दूसरे पर टैरिफ लगाता है तो जवाबी शुल्क लगाया जाता है।

• वडिनार रिफाइनरी: गुजरात स्थित प्रमुख भारतीय रिफाइनरी, जो रूसी कच्चे तेल को प्रोसेस करती है।

मेंस प्रासंगिकता

GS पेपर 2: अंतर्राष्ट्रीय संबंध

• भारत की सामरिक स्वायत्तता: भारत अपनी ऊर्जा जरूरतों के लिए रूसी तेल आयात जारी रखता है। अमेरिकी दबाव मानना भारत की नीति को खतरे में डाल सकता है।

• भारत-अमेरिका संबंध: प्रतिबंधों से व्यापार व सुरक्षा सहयोग प्रभावित हो सकता है।

• भूराजनीतिक संतुलन: भारत को अमेरिका (रणनीतिक साझेदार) और रूस (पारंपरिक रक्षा आपूर्तिकर्ता) दोनों के बीच संतुलन बनाना होगा।

GS पेपर 3: अर्थव्यवस्था

• प्रतिबंधों का प्रभाव: भारतीय निर्यात महंगा होगा और घरेलू उद्योग प्रभावित होंगे।

• रुपये की कमजोरी: बाहरी भू-राजनीतिक तनाव से आर्थिक दबाव बढ़ेगा।

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UPSC Mains अभ्यास प्रश्न

प्रश्न: “वैश्विक भू-राजनीतिक संघर्षों के कारण भारत की ऊर्जा सुरक्षा और सामरिक स्वायत्तता पर दबाव बढ़ रहा है।” रूस से तेल आयात को लेकर अमेरिका के हालिया प्रतिबंधों के संदर्भ में चर्चा कीजिए।

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UPSC Prelims अभ्यास प्रश्न

1. सेकेंडरी सैंक्शन का अर्थ है: a) एक देश द्वारा दूसरे पर शुल्क लगाना
   b) तीसरे देशों/संस्थाओं पर दंड लगाना यदि वे किसी प्रतिबंधित देश से व्यापार करें
   c) युद्ध के समय व्यापार रोकना
   d) कच्चे तेल के निर्यात पर रोक लगाना

2. वडिनार रिफाइनरी कहां स्थित है? a) महाराष्ट्र
   b) गुजरात
   c) तमिलनाडु
   d) आंध्र प्रदेश

(उत्तर: 1-b, 2-b)

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निष्कर्ष

यह घटना दिखाती है कि कैसे भू-राजनीति, ऊर्जा सुरक्षा और व्यापार विवाद आपस में जुड़े हुए हैं। भारत के लिए चुनौती है कि राष्ट्रीय हित और वैश्विक दबावों में संतुलन बनाए। UPSC अभ्यर्थियों के लिए यह केस स्टडी सामरिक स्वायत्तता, प्रतिबंधों और द्विपक्षीय संबंधों की समझ के लिए अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण है।

U.S. Official Calls Ukraine Conflict ‘Modi’s War’: Geopolitical Analysis

 

U.S. Official Calls Ukraine Conflict ‘Modi’s War’: Geopolitical Analysis

By Suryavanshi IAS

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Why in News?

The Trump administration in the U.S. has imposed an additional 25% secondary sanctions on Indian goods over India’s continued purchase of Russian oil. Earlier, a 25% reciprocal tariff was already in place. Matters escalated when U.S. officials, particularly Trade Advisor Peter Navarro, termed the Ukraine conflict as “Modi’s war.” This has sparked debates on India-U.S. relations, global energy politics, and India’s strategic autonomy.

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Key Developments

1. Tariffs and Sanctions:

   • 25% reciprocal tariffs had already been imposed earlier.

   • An additional 25% secondary sanctions have now been imposed as a penalty for Russian oil imports.

2. Accusations by U.S. Officials:

   • Peter Navarro accused India of “arrogance”, “profiteering”, and fueling Russia’s war machine.

   • He linked Russian crude processing at the Vadinar refinery (Gujarat) to supporting the conflict.

   • He stated: “U.S. taxpayers lose because we have to fund Modi’s war.”

3. Statement by U.S. Treasury Secretary:

   • Scott Bessent termed India-U.S. ties as “complicated”.

   • He highlighted stalled trade negotiations and the depreciation of the Indian rupee.

4. Criticism from Democrats:

   • Democrats in the U.S. said that China imports more Russian oil than India.

   • They warned that singling out India would weaken bilateral ties and hurt U.S. consumers.

5. Former Diplomats’ Views:

   • Former Ambassador Kenneth Juster emphasized the need for high-level talks between Modi and Trump.

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Timeline of India-U.S. Trade Disputes

• 1991: India’s economic liberalization begins; U.S. pressures India over high import tariffs.

• 2007: U.S. files a WTO complaint against India’s export subsidy policies.

• 2012: U.S. raises objections over Indian steel and labor policies.

• 2018: U.S. imposes tariffs on Indian steel and aluminum; India retaliates with tariffs on U.S. products.

• 2019: U.S. removes India from the Generalised System of Preferences (GSP), ending export concessions.

• 2020: Talks on a “mini trade deal” take place but fail to conclude.

• 2023-24: U.S. repeatedly pressures India to reduce Russian oil imports.

• 2025: Trump administration imposes 25% secondary sanctions; “Modi’s war” remark intensifies tensions.

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UPSC Relevance

Prelims Pointers

• Secondary Sanctions: Penalties imposed not only on a country’s own firms but also on third-party countries/entities trading with a sanctioned state (here, Russia).

• Reciprocal Tariffs: Counter-tariffs imposed when one country raises tariffs against another.

• Vadinar Refinery: A key Indian refinery located in Gujarat, processing Russian crude oil.

Mains Relevance

GS Paper 2: International Relations

• India’s Strategic Autonomy: India continues Russian oil imports to secure energy at affordable prices. U.S. pressure challenges this autonomy.

• India-U.S. Relations: Sanctions strain bilateral trade and security cooperation.

• Geopolitical Balance: India must balance relations between the U.S. (strategic partner) and Russia (traditional defense supplier).

GS Paper 3: Economy

• Impact of Sanctions: Higher tariffs may hurt Indian exports and industries.

• Rupee Depreciation: Geopolitical tensions add to economic stress.

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UPSC Mains Practice Question

Q. “India’s energy security and strategic autonomy are increasingly under strain due to global geopolitical conflicts.” Discuss in light of recent U.S. sanctions on India over Russian oil imports.

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UPSC Prelims Practice Questions

1. Secondary sanctions are best described as: a) Tariffs imposed by one country on another
   b) Penalties imposed on third-party countries/entities trading with a sanctioned country
   c) Trade restrictions imposed during a war
   d) A ban on crude oil exports

2. The Vadinar refinery, often in news, is located in: a) Maharashtra
   b) Gujarat
   c) Tamil Nadu
   d) Andhra Pradesh

(Answers: 1-b, 2-b)

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Conclusion

This episode demonstrates how geopolitics, energy security, and trade disputes intersect in international relations. For India, the challenge lies in balancing national interests with global diplomatic pressures. For UPSC aspirants, this case highlights the importance of understanding strategic autonomy, sanctions, and their impact on bilateral relations.

UPSC Prelims Practice Set – 27 August 2025

 UPSC Prelims Practice Set – 27 August 2025

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🟦 Section A: Polity & Governance (5 Qs)

Q1. Under Article 200 of the Constitution, the Governor of a State may:

1. Give assent to a Bill.
2. Withhold assent to a Bill.
3. Return a non-Money Bill with a message.
4. Reserve a Bill for President’s consideration.

Which of the above are correct?

• (a) 1, 2 and 3 only
• (b) 1, 2 and 4 only
• (c) 1, 3 and 4 only
• (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

✅ Answer: (d)
📝 Explanation: Article 200 provides all four options. However, Money Bills cannot be returned. The SC recently highlighted the issue of indefinite gubernatorial delays.

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Q2. Consider the following:

1. Governor must act on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers in all cases.
2. Governor has no discretionary powers under the Constitution.

Which is/are correct?

• (a) 1 only
• (b) 2 only
• (c) Both 1 and 2
• (d) Neither 1 nor 2

✅ Answer: (d)
📝 Explanation: Article 163 provides discretionary powers (e.g., reservation of Bills, judgment in hung assembly). Governor generally acts on advice but not “in all cases.”

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Q3. Money Bills in States:

• (a) Can be withheld by the Governor
• (b) Must be reserved for President
• (c) Cannot be returned once passed by Assembly
• (d) Can be introduced in either House of State Legislature

✅ Answer: (c)
📝 Explanation: Governor cannot return Money Bills (Art. 200 read with Art. 110-like provisions for States).

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Q4. Which of the following is/are true about Counselling for NEET UG admissions?

1. Conducted by NMC at the national level.
2. At the state level, it is conducted by designated state authorities.
3. Reservation rules of the respective State apply for state quota seats.

• (a) 1 and 2 only
• (b) 2 and 3 only
• (c) 1 and 3 only
• (d) 1, 2 and 3

✅ Answer: (d)
📝 Explanation: NMC regulates; MCC handles AIQ seats; State bodies like BCECEB in Bihar manage state seats with local reservation rules.

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Q5. The term Cooperative Federalism is best reflected in which of the following?

• (a) Governor’s assent to Money Bills
• (b) Centre–State GST Council decisions
• (c) Judicial review of Bills
• (d) State quotas in NEET admissions

✅ Answer: (b)
📝 Explanation: GST Council is cited as a model of cooperative federalism.

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🟩 Section B: Economy & International Trade (5 Qs)

Q6. The recent U.S. tariff hike on India is justified by the U.S. under:

• (a) WTO Safeguard clause
• (b) National Security Exception
• (c) Balance-of-Payment clause
• (d) Most-Favoured-Nation principle

✅ Answer: (b)
📝 Explanation: U.S. invoked “national security” to impose unilateral tariffs citing Russian oil trade.

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Q7. Which sector is least affected by the new U.S. tariffs?

• (a) Ready-made garments
• (b) Leather products
• (c) Electronics and semiconductors
• (d) Gems and jewellery

✅ Answer: (c)
📝 Explanation: Electronics/semiconductors are exempt.

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Q8. “Atmanirbhar Bharat” responses to tariff shocks may include:

1. GST rate rationalisation.
2. Export credit schemes.
3. Domestic production-linked incentives.
4. Expanding WTO Appellate Body jurisdiction.

• (a) 1, 2 and 3 only
• (b) 2 and 4 only
• (c) 1, 3 and 4 only
• (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

✅ Answer: (a)
📝 Explanation: WTO appellate reforms are multilateral, not unilateral tools for India.

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Q9. Consider the following effects of tariff hikes:

1. Currency depreciation pressure.
2. Fall in stock indices.
3. Boost in export competitiveness.

Which are correct?

• (a) 1 and 2 only
• (b) 2 and 3 only
• (c) 1 and 3 only
• (d) 1, 2 and 3

✅ Answer: (a)
📝 Explanation: Tariffs reduce competitiveness, so 3 is incorrect.

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Q10. CRISIL report projects which impact on the Indian ready-made garment sector?

• (a) Exports to double due to diversification
• (b) Revenue growth to halve year-on-year
• (c) Revenue growth unaffected
• (d) Sector shifting completely to EU markets

✅ Answer: (b)
📝 Explanation: CRISIL projected halving of YoY revenue growth due to tariff burden.

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🟥 Section C: Environment & Disaster Management (5 Qs)

Q11. IMD Yellow Alert implies:

• (a) “No warning”
• (b) “Be aware”
• (c) “Be prepared”
• (d) “Take action”

✅ Answer: (b)
📝 Explanation: Yellow = watch/be aware; Orange = prepared; Red = take action.

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Q12. Kerala districts are under weather alerts during which major festival this week?

• (a) Pongal
• (b) Ganesh Chaturthi
• (c) Onam
• (d) Vishu

✅ Answer: (c)
📝 Explanation: Kerala IMD alerts coincide with Onam celebrations.

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Q13. Rough seas along Odisha coast today are due to:

• (a) Western Disturbance
• (b) Depression over Bay of Bengal
• (c) Jet stream activity
• (d) El Niño Modoki

✅ Answer: (b)
📝 Explanation: Depression/low pressure in NW Bay triggers coastal rough sea conditions.

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Q14. Floodplain zoning in India is legally under:

• (a) Environment Protection Act, 1986
• (b) River Boards Act, 1956
• (c) Disaster Management Act, 2005
• (d) None explicitly at national level

✅ Answer: (d)
📝 Explanation: India lacks a national floodplain zoning law; some states attempted zoning.

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Q15. NDRF comes under the administrative control of:

• (a) Ministry of Home Affairs
• (b) Ministry of Defence
• (c) Ministry of Environment
• (d) PMO directly

✅ Answer: (a)
📝 Explanation: NDRF is under NDMA/MHA.

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🟨 Section D: Science & Tech / Health / Defense (5 Qs)

Q16. “Mission Sudarshan Chakra” aims to:

• (a) Develop an Indian version of Iron Dome
• (b) Create indigenous nuclear submarine fleet
• (c) Build AI-based agriculture sensors
• (d) Launch human spaceflight in 2035

✅ Answer: (a)
📝 Explanation: Anti-air, cyber-defense and precision strike mission likened to Iron Dome.

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Q17. “One Health” approach refers to integration of:

• (a) Human, animal, and environmental health
• (b) PHC, CHC, and tertiary care
• (c) Traditional medicine and modern medicine
• (d) Bioeconomy with fintech

✅ Answer: (a)
📝 Explanation: It integrates zoonoses surveillance with human-animal-environment systems.

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Q18. Steering committee for One Health Mission includes:

• (a) NITI Aayog, DBT, ICMR, DAHD
• (b) RBI, SEBI, IRDAI
• (c) Defence Ministry only
• (d) Only MoHFW

✅ Answer: (a)
📝 Explanation: It is inter-ministerial with DBT, ICMR, DAHD, MoHFW.

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Q19. India’s major zoonotic disease concern under One Health:

• (a) Malaria
• (b) Tuberculosis
• (c) Nipah virus
• (d) Dengue

✅ Answer: (c)
📝 Explanation: Nipah is a bat-borne zoonosis, monitored under One Health.

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Q20. Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO) is under:

• (a) Ministry of Home Affairs
• (b) Ministry of Defence
• (c) PMO
• (d) NITI Aayog

✅ Answer: (b)
📝 Explanation: DRDO reports to MoD.

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🟪 Section E: Culture & Society (5 Qs)

Q21. Ganesh Chaturthi is primarily associated with:

• (a) Lord Vishnu
• (b) Lord Shiva
• (c) Lord Ganesha
• (d) Goddess Lakshmi

✅ Answer: (c)

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Q22. Bal Gangadhar Tilak popularised Ganesh Chaturthi in:

• (a) Maharashtra
• (b) Gujarat
• (c) Tamil Nadu
• (d) Uttar Pradesh

✅ Answer: (a)
📝 Explanation: Tilak used it as a tool for social unity during colonial rule.

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Q23. Miss Universe India 2025 winner will represent India in which country?

• (a) Japan
• (b) USA
• (c) Thailand
• (d) Indonesia

✅ Answer: (c)
📝 Explanation: 74th Miss Universe pageant will be held in Thailand.

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Q24. RBI declares holidays for banks under which law?

• (a) RBI Act, 1934
• (b) Banking Regulation Act, 1949
• (c) Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881
• (d) Companies Act, 2013

✅ Answer: (c)
📝 Explanation: RBI notifies holidays under Negotiable Instruments Act.

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Q25. “Ganeshotsav” is usually celebrated for how many days in Maharashtra?

• (a) 1 day
• (b) 5 days
• (c) 10 days
• (d) 15 days

✅ Answer: (c)
📝 Explanation: Traditional Ganesh Chaturthi festival lasts 10 days, culminating in Visarjan.