Environmental conventions

1. Climate Change

UNFCCC (1992): Climate change framework.

Kyoto Protocol (1997): Emission reduction targets.

Paris Agreement (2015): Global warming below 2 °C (preferably 1.5 degree celcius). 

Glasgow Climate Pact (2021): Net-zero commitments.

Sharm El-Sheikh Implementation Plan (2022): Loss & Damage fund.

UAE Consensus COP28 (2023): Fossil fuel transition.

2. Biodiversity

Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) (1992): Biodiversity conservation.

Cartagena Protocol (2000): Biosafety, GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms).

Nagoya Protocol (2010): Access and benefit sharing.

Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (2022): 30x30 target (protecting 30% of planet's land and oceans by 2020/2030).

3. Wildlife & Species

CITES (1973): Trade in endangered species.

CMS / Bonn Convention (1979): Migratory species.

Ramsar Convention (1971): Wetlands conservation.

World Heritage Convention (1972): Natural & cultural sites.

4. Pollution & Chemicals

Vienna Convention (1985): Ozone layer protection.

Montreal Protocol (1987): Ozone depletion (phasing out ODS).

Basel Convention (1989): Transboundary movement of hazardous waste.

Rotterdam Convention (1998): Prior informed consent for hazardous chemicals trade.

Stockholm Convention (2001): Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs).

Minamata Convention (2013): Mercury pollution.

5. Desertification & Land

UNCCD (1994): Combating desertification and achieving Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) by 2030.