Question: Operation Sindoor redefined India's approach to counter-terrorism. Critically examine this statement in the light of evolving internal and external threats. (250 words)

 Question: Operation Sindoor redefined India's approach to counter-terrorism. Critically examine this statement in the light of evolving internal and external threats. (250 words)

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Introduction:

Operation Sindoor, launched in May 2025 after the Pahalgam terror attack, represents a turning point in India’s counter-terrorism doctrine. Unlike earlier missions such as the 2016 surgical strikes or the 2019 Balakot airstrike, this operation was rooted in a declared doctrine—fast, intelligence-led, and technologically sophisticated.

1. Evolving Threat Landscape:

• Internal: Hybrid warfare—radicalisation, drone-based infiltration, cyber misinformation.

• External: Pakistan-sponsored terrorism exploiting the grey zone below conventional war.

2. What Makes Operation Sindoor Unique:

• 88-hour duration, 23-minute precision strike window, 9 terror targets neutralised.

• Tri-service synergy: Army, Air Force, Navy coordination.

• Use of AI, loitering munitions, satellite intelligence.

• Psychological and strategic impact—Pakistan forced to seek ceasefire.

3. Strategic and Technological Shifts:

• Emphasis on fifth-generation warfare: “Boots must share space with bots.”

• Doctrinal clarity: shift from reaction to deterrence.

• Launch of Agnishodh at IIT Madras—symbol of self-reliant defence R&D.

4. Critical Concerns:

• Risk of strategic overreach or diplomatic escalation.

• Ethical challenges of precision warfare—civilian harm and proportionality.

Conclusion:

Operation Sindoor redefined India’s counter-terrorism posture through speed, self-reliance, and decisive doctrine. While it serves as a deterrent, sustained success will depend on institutional readiness, ethical restraint, and technological adaptation.