Q.What are Tsunamis ? How and where are they formed ? What are their Consequences ? Explain with examples. (Answer in 150 words) 2025

 Q.What are Tsunamis ? How and where are they formed ? What are their Consequences ? Explain with examples. (Answer in 150 words) 2025

Tsunamis: Formation, Zones, and Consequences

Tsunamis are a series of enormous ocean waves caused by large-scale, sudden disturbances under the sea, primarily earthquakes.

Formation and Location:

They are most commonly formed by sub-sea earthquakes at tectonic plate boundaries, where one plate subducts under another. This vertical displacement of the seafloor abruptly displaces massive volumes of water, generating waves. They primarily occur in the Pacific Ocean's "Ring of Fire" (e.g., Japan 2011, Indonesia 2004), but can also happen in other regions like the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean.

Consequences:

Tsunamis unleash devastating energy upon coastlines. The consequences include:

• Widespread Loss of Life and Injury: The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami killed over 230,000 people.

• Massive Infrastructure Destruction: Waves crush buildings, roads, and ports.

• Environmental Damage: Saltwater intrusion contaminates freshwater sources and agricultural land, causing long-term ecological harm.

• Economic Catastrophe: The 2011 Tōhoku tsunami in Japan caused a nuclear disaster in Fukushima and economic losses estimated at $360 billion.